High Courts, Tribunals, Lok Adalats and Other Courts FAQs

1. In which year did the institution of the high court originate in India?

2. The first three high courts in India were set up at Calcutta, Bombay and which other city?

3. Under which Act were the first three high courts (Calcutta, Bombay and Madras) established?

4. The fourth high court in India was established in 1866 at which city?

5. Which Constitutional Amendment Act authorised Parliament to establish a common high court for two or more states?

6. How many high courts exist in India at present?

7. How many high courts currently have jurisdiction over more than one state?

8. Delhi has had a separate high court since which year?

9. Which union territory shares a common high court with Jammu and Kashmir?

10. Provisions relating to the organisation, independence, jurisdiction and powers of high courts fall under which Part of the Constitution?

11. Articles 214 to 231 of the Constitution deal with the high courts. In which Part of the Constitution do these Articles fall?

12. The number of high courts increased from 18 to 21 following the creation of three new states in which year?

13. The number of high courts increased from 21 to 24 with the creation of separate high courts for Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura in which year?

14. The number of high courts increased from 24 to 25 with the establishment of a separate high court for which state in 2019?

15. The Constitution leaves the strength (number of judges) of a high court to the discretion of which authority?

16. The judges of a high court are appointed by which authority?

17. Consider the following statements regarding the appointment of the chief justice of a high court: (I) The President consults the chief justice of India. (II) The President consults the governor of the concerned state. Which of the above is/are correct?

18. In which case did the Supreme Court rule that no appointment of a high court judge can be made unless it conforms with the opinion of the Chief Justice of India?

19. In the Third Judges case (1998), the Chief Justice of India was opined to consult a collegium of how many senior-most judges of the Supreme Court before recommending high court judge appointments?

20. The National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) was created by the 99th Constitutional Amendment Act and the NJAC Act, both enacted in which year?

21. In which case did the Supreme Court declare both the 99th Constitutional Amendment Act and the NJAC Act unconstitutional and void?

22. To be eligible for appointment as a high court judge, a person must have held a judicial office in the territory of India for how many years?

23. Alternatively, a person is eligible for appointment as a high court judge if he/she has been an advocate of a high court for how many years?

24. Unlike the Supreme Court, the Constitution makes no provision for the appointment of which category of person as a high court judge?

25. A person appointed as a judge of a high court makes and subscribes the oath or affirmation before whom?

26. The retirement age of a high court judge is fixed at how many years?

27. The retirement age of high court judges was raised from 60 to 62 years by which Amendment Act?

28. Any dispute regarding the age of a high court judge is decided by the President after consultation with whom, and the decision is final?

29. A high court judge vacates office upon being appointed as a judge of which court?

30. Which Act regulates the procedure for the removal of a high court judge through impeachment?

31. A removal motion against a high court judge requires the signatures of how many members in the case of the Lok Sabha?

32. A removal motion against a high court judge requires the signatures of how many members in the case of the Rajya Sabha?

33. Under the Judges Enquiry Act, if a removal motion is admitted, the Speaker or Chairman constitutes a committee of how many members to investigate the charges?

34. Which of the following is NOT a member of the three-member committee constituted to investigate charges against a high court judge under the Judges Enquiry Act?

35. Consider the following statements regarding the grounds for removal of a high court judge: (I) Proved misbehaviour (II) Incapacity (III) Conviction in a criminal court Which of the above is/are recognised grounds for removal under the Constitution?

36. How many high court judges have been impeached so far?

37. The President can transfer a judge from one high court to another after consulting whom?

38. In 1977, the Supreme Court ruled that the transfer of high court judges could be resorted to only as an exceptional measure and in public interest, and not for what purpose?

39. As per the 1994 Supreme Court ruling on transfer of high court judges, who alone can challenge a transfer order through judicial review?

40. In the Third Judges case (1998), regarding transfer of high court judges, the Chief Justice of India was opined to consult a collegium of how many senior-most judges of the Supreme Court, in addition to the chief justices of the two high courts concerned?

41. Retired chief justices and judges of a high court are entitled to what percentage of their last drawn salary as monthly pension?

42. In 2018, the monthly salary of a high court chief justice was increased to how much?

43. In 2018, the monthly salary of a high court judge (other than the chief justice) was increased to how much?

44. Consider the following circumstances: (I) The office of chief justice of the high court is vacant. (II) The chief justice of the high court is temporarily absent. (III) The chief justice of the high court is unable to perform the duties of the office. In which of the above circumstances can the President appoint a judge of the high court as acting chief justice?

45. The President can appoint duly qualified persons as additional judges of a high court for a temporary period not exceeding how many years?

46. An additional judge of a high court may be appointed when there is a temporary increase in the business of the high court or when there are what in the high court?

47. Both an additional judge and an acting judge of a high court cannot hold office after attaining what age?

48. At any time, the chief justice of a high court can request a retired judge to act as a judge of that high court, but only with the previous consent of which authority?

49. A retired judge requested to act temporarily as a judge of a high court enjoys all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of a judge of that court, but is otherwise deemed to be what?

50. The independence of a high court requires it to be free from encroachments, pressures and interferences of the executive and which other organ of the state?

51. Which safeguard for the independence of a high court curtails the absolute discretion of the executive by requiring consultation with the chief justice of India and the chief justice of the high court in appointments?

52. Under which safeguard can a high court judge be removed from office only in the manner and on the grounds mentioned in the Constitution, meaning judges do not hold office during the pleasure of the President?

53. Under which safeguard can the salaries, allowances, privileges, leave and pension of high court judges not be changed to their disadvantage after appointment, except during a financial emergency?

54. The salaries and allowances of high court judges are charged on the consolidated fund of the state, making them what with respect to the state legislature?

55. The pension of a high court judge is charged on which fund?

56. The Constitution prohibits discussion in Parliament or a state legislature on the conduct of high court judges in the discharge of their duties, except when what is under consideration?

57. Retired permanent judges of a high court are prohibited from pleading or acting in any court or authority in India, except before which courts?

58. Under which safeguard can the chief justice of a high court appoint officers and servants of the high court without interference from the executive?

59. The jurisdiction and powers of a high court, insofar as they are specified in the Constitution, cannot be curtailed by the state legislature and which other body?

60. Consider the following jurisdictions and powers of a high court: (I) Original jurisdiction (II) Writ jurisdiction (III) Power of judicial review Which of the above is/are enjoyed by a high court at present?

61. Original jurisdiction of a high court refers to its power to hear disputes in the first instance, extending to disputes relating to the election of members of which bodies?

62. Which four high courts have original civil jurisdiction in cases of higher value?

63. Original criminal jurisdiction of the Calcutta, Bombay and Madras High Courts was fully abolished by which legislation?

64. Which Article of the Constitution empowers a high court to issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights and for any other purpose?

65. Consider the following writs: (I) Habeas corpus (II) Mandamus (III) Quo warranto Which of the above can a high court issue under Article 226?

66. The writ jurisdiction of the high court under Article 226 is concurrent with the writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court under which Article?

67. The writ jurisdiction of a high court is wider than that of the Supreme Court because the Supreme Court can issue writs only for the enforcement of what?

68. In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the writ jurisdiction of both the high court and the Supreme Court constitute a part of the basic structure of the Constitution?

69. A high court can issue writs to a person or authority outside its territorial jurisdiction if what condition is met?

70. Second appeals from the orders and judgements of a district court lie to the high court only on questions of what?

71. First appeals from the orders and judgements of district courts lie directly to the high court on both questions of law and fact if the amount involved exceeds what?

72. When a single judge of a high court decides a case, an appeal from that decision lies to which bench of the same high court, where such provision exists?

73. As per the 1997 Supreme Court ruling, tribunals are subject to the writ jurisdiction of the high courts, meaning an aggrieved person cannot approach the Supreme Court directly against tribunal decisions without first going to what?

74. Appeals from the judgements of a sessions court lie to the high court if the sentence is one of imprisonment for more than how many years?

75. A death sentence awarded by a sessions court must be confirmed by which court before it can be executed?

76. A high court's power of superintendence under its supervisory jurisdiction extends to all courts and tribunals in its territorial jurisdiction, except which of the following?

77. Consider the following statements regarding the supervisory jurisdiction of a high court: (I) It covers only administrative superintendence, not judicial superintendence. (II) It can be exercised suo-motu and not necessarily on the application of a party. (III) It extends to all courts and tribunals whether subject to its appellate jurisdiction or not. Which of the above is/are correct?

78. Which of the following is a limitation usually applied when a high court exercises its extraordinary power of superintendence?

79. A high court is consulted by the governor in matters of appointment, posting and promotion of which category of judicial officers?

80. A high court can withdraw a case pending in a subordinate court if it involves a substantial question of law requiring interpretation of what?

81. As a court of record, a high court's judgements and proceedings are recorded for perpetual memory and testimony, and are recognised as what?

82. The expression "contempt of court" has not been defined by the Constitution but has been defined by which Act?

83. Unlike the Supreme Court, which has been specifically conferred the power of review by the Constitution, a high court's power to review and correct its own judgement is derived from its status as what?

84. Judicial review is the power of a high court to examine the constitutionality of legislative enactments and executive orders of which governments?

85. Consider the following grounds on which the constitutional validity of a legislative enactment can be challenged in a high court: (I) It infringes the fundamental rights. (II) It is outside the competence of the authority which framed it. (III) It is repugnant to the constitutional provisions. Which of the above is/are valid grounds?

86. Which Amendment Act curtailed the judicial review power of the high court by debarring it from considering the constitutional validity of any central law?

87. Which Amendment Act restored the high court's power of judicial review over central laws after it had been curtailed?

88. Though the phrase "judicial review" is nowhere used in the Constitution, its provisions are explicitly conferred on a high court by Article 226 and which other Article?

89. Originally known as Assam High Court, this court was renamed Gauhati High Court in 1971.

90. Originally known as Mysore High Court, this court was renamed in 1973 to its present name.

91. Originally known as Punjab High Court, this court was renamed Punjab and Haryana High Court in which year?

92. In 2021, the High Court of Jammu and Kashmir was renamed to reflect its jurisdiction over which additional union territory?

93. In 2014, the original Andhra Pradesh High Court (established 1954) was renamed as which court, becoming a common high court for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana?

94. Besides Assam, the Gauhati High Court exercises territorial jurisdiction over which of the following states?

95. Which high court has its seat at Bilaspur?

96. Which Article of the Constitution deals with the establishment of a common high court for two or more states?

97. Which Article, now repealed, provided that the constitutional validity of central laws was not to be considered in proceedings under Article 226?

98. Articles 233 to 237 in Part VI of the Constitution regulate the organisation of which courts?

99. The appointment, posting and promotion of district judges in a state are made by the governor in consultation with whom?

100. A person to be appointed as a district judge should not already be in the service of which governments?

101. A person to be appointed as a district judge, if not already in judicial service, should have been an advocate or pleader for how many years?

102. A candidate for appointment as district judge must be recommended for appointment by whom?

103. Appointment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service of a state is made by the governor after consultation with the high court and which other body?

104. In practice, recruitment to the judicial service of a state (for posts other than district judge) is conducted through what by the State Public Service Commission?

105. Control over district courts and other subordinate courts, including posting, promotion and leave of judicial service members holding a post inferior to district judge, is vested in which authority?

106. Consider the following judicial officers: (I) Additional district judge (II) Chief presidency magistrate (III) Assistant sessions judge Which of the above is/are included within the expression "district judge" as per the Constitution?

107. The expression "judicial service" means a service consisting exclusively of persons intended to fill the post of district judge and other civil judicial posts of what rank?

108. The Governor may direct that the constitutional provisions relating to persons in the state judicial service also apply to which of the following?

109. Which Constitutional Amendment Act added Article 233-A to retrospectively validate the appointment of certain district judges and the judgements delivered by them?

110. Which Article of the Constitution deals with the recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service?

111. Which Article of the Constitution deals with control over subordinate courts?

112. Which Article of the Constitution provides the interpretation of terms such as "district judge" and "judicial service"?

113. Which Article of the Constitution allows application of the provisions relating to district judges and judicial service to certain classes of magistrates?

114. How many tiers of civil and criminal courts exist below the High Court?

115. The district judge is the highest judicial authority at which level?

116. When the district judge deals with criminal cases, he/she is known by which title?

117. A capital punishment (death sentence) passed by the sessions judge is subject to confirmation by which authority, whether there is an appeal or not?

118. On the civil side, which court stands below the District and Sessions Court?

119. The subordinate judge, on the civil side, exercises what kind of pecuniary jurisdiction over civil suits?

120. On the criminal side, the Court of Chief Judicial Magistrate decides cases punishable with imprisonment for a term of up to how many years?

121. At the lowest level on the civil side stands which court?

122. On the criminal side, the judicial magistrate at the lowest level tries cases punishable with imprisonment for a term of up to how many years?

123. In some metropolitan cities, city civil courts function on the civil side alongside which courts on the criminal side?

124. Small causes courts, established in some states and presidency towns, decide civil cases of small value in what manner?

125. Decisions of small causes courts are final, but which authority possesses the power of revision over them?

126. Which of the following were formerly known as presidency towns?

127. Courts that try petty civil and criminal cases in some states, variously known as Nyaya Panchayat, Gram Kutchery or Panchayat Adalat, are collectively referred to as what?

128. The original Constitution did not contain provisions with respect to tribunals. Which Amendment Act added Part XIV-A on this subject?

129. Part XIV-A of the Constitution, entitled "Tribunals," consists of how many Articles?

130. Which Article of the Constitution empowers Parliament to establish administrative tribunals for disputes relating to recruitment and service conditions of public servants?

131. In pursuance of Article 323A, Parliament passed the Administrative Tribunals Act in which year?

132. The Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) was set up in 1985 with its principal bench located at which city?

133. Of the CAT's 19 regular benches, 17 operate at the principal seats of high courts, and the remaining two operate at which locations?

134. The CAT's jurisdiction extends to the All-India Services, Central civil services, civil posts under the Centre, and civilian employees of which sector?

135. Consider the following categories of personnel: (I) Members of the defence forces (II) Officers and servants of the Supreme Court (III) Secretarial staff of Parliament Which of the above is/are excluded from the jurisdiction of the CAT?

136. Which Amendment Act removed the provision for a Vice-Chairman in the CAT?

137. A person who has not completed what age is not eligible for appointment as Chairman or Member of the CAT?

138. As per the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021, a Member of the CAT holds office for a term of four years or until attaining what age, whichever is earlier?

139. As per the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021, the Chairman of the CAT holds office for a term of four years or until attaining what age, whichever is earlier?

140. The search-cum-selection committee that recommends appointment of the CAT Chairman and Members is chaired by the Chief Justice of India or a Judge of the Supreme Court nominated by whom?

141. The CAT is not bound by the procedure laid down in which Code, being instead guided by the principles of natural justice?

142. What nominal fee is required to be paid by an applicant approaching the CAT?

143. In which case did the Supreme Court declare unconstitutional the restriction that appeals against CAT orders could be made only to the Supreme Court and not the high courts?

144. The Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985 empowers the Central government to establish State Administrative Tribunals (SATs) on what basis?

145. Like the CAT, the State Administrative Tribunals exercise original jurisdiction in relation to recruitment and service matters of which employees?

146. The chairman and members of a State Administrative Tribunal are appointed by the central government on the recommendation of a search-cum-selection committee chaired by whom?

147. The Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985 makes provision for setting up a Joint Administrative Tribunal (JAT) for what purpose?

148. Which Article of the Constitution authorises Parliament and state legislatures to establish tribunals for matters like taxation, foreign exchange, and industrial and labour disputes?

149. Consider the following matters: (I) Land reforms (II) Ceiling on urban property (III) Rent and tenancy rights Which of the above is/are matters for which tribunals may be established under Article 323B?

150. The subject "rent and tenancy rights" was added to the list of matters under Article 323B by which Amendment Act?

151. While Article 323A contemplates tribunals only for public service matters, Article 323B contemplates tribunals for which of the following?

152. Tribunals under Article 323A can be established only by Parliament, whereas tribunals under Article 323B can be established by Parliament and which other body?

153. Under Article 323A, only one tribunal may be established for the Centre and one for each state or group of states, with no hierarchy. In contrast, what may be created under Article 323B?

154. In the Chandra Kumar case (1997), the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional those provisions of Articles 323A and 323B that did what?

155. Which bench of the CAT has territorial jurisdiction over Andhra Pradesh and Telangana?

156. Which bench of the CAT has territorial jurisdiction over Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Nagaland, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh?

157. Which Article of the Constitution deals with tribunals for other matters such as taxation, foreign exchange, and industrial and labour disputes?

158. The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 repealed and replaced which earlier Act?

159. The consumer dispute redressal machinery under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 operates at how many levels?

160. The three-tier consumer commissions are popularly known as consumer forums or by which other term?

161. The District Commission is established in each district by which authority?

162. The State Commission shall ordinarily function at the state capital, but may perform functions at other places notified by the state government in consultation with whom?

163. The National Commission is established by which authority?

164. In which year was the National Commission constituted?

165. As prescribed by the central government in 2020, the National Commission shall consist of a President and not more than how many members?

166. Out of the members prescribed for the National Commission, at least how many shall be a woman?

167. The President and members of the National Commission are appointed by the central government on the recommendation of a search-cum-selection committee chaired by the Chief Justice of India or a Judge of the Supreme Court nominated by whom?

168. A person who has not completed what age is not eligible for appointment as President or member of the National Commission?

169. As per the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021, the President of the National Commission holds office for a term of 4 years or until attaining what age, whichever is earlier?

170. As per the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021, a member of the National Commission holds office for a term of 4 years or until attaining what age, whichever is earlier?

171. Under the 2019 Act (before the 2021 Rules reduced it), the National Commission had pecuniary jurisdiction to entertain complaints where the value of goods or services exceeded what amount?

172. As per the 2021 Rules, the pecuniary jurisdiction threshold of the National Commission was reduced to above what amount?

173. The National Commission's appellate jurisdiction allows it to entertain appeals against the orders of any State Commission within how many days of the order?

174. Besides State Commission orders, the National Commission also has appellate jurisdiction over the orders of which authority?

175. Consider the following circumstances under which the National Commission may exercise revisional jurisdiction over a State Commission's case: (I) The State Commission exercised a jurisdiction not vested in it by law. (II) The State Commission failed to exercise a jurisdiction so vested. (III) The State Commission acted in exercise of its jurisdiction illegally or with material irregularity. Which of the above is/are valid grounds?

176. The National Commission has the power to declare which kind of contract terms null and void?

177. The National Commission may review any of its own orders if there is what, either on its own motion or on application within 30 days?

178. Where an order is passed by the National Commission ex-parte, the aggrieved party may apply for what?

179. The National Commission may transfer a complaint pending before one State Commission to another State Commission, either on the application of the complainant or by what other means?

180. An appeal against the order of the National Commission lies with which court?

181. An appeal against the order of the National Commission to the Supreme Court must be made within how many days?

182. As part of its administrative control, the National Commission monitors the performance of State Commissions by calling for periodical returns regarding institution, disposal and what else?

183. The National Commission investigates allegations against the President and members of a State Commission and submits inquiry reports to whom?

184. Consider the following matters on which the National Commission may issue instructions to State Commissions: (I) Adoption of uniform procedures in hearing matters (II) Furnishing of English translation of judgements written in any language (III) Speedy grant of copies of documents Which of the above is/are matters on which the National Commission can issue such instructions?

185. The National Commission oversees the functioning of State and District Commissions through inspection or other methods, while ensuring it does not interfere with what?

186. Each State Commission shall consist of a President and not less than how many members, as may be prescribed in consultation with the central government?

187. Rules regarding qualifications, method of recruitment, procedure of appointment, term of office, resignation and removal of the President and members of the State Commission are made by whom?

188. Salaries, allowances and other terms and conditions of service of the President and members of the State Commission are prescribed by rules made by whom?

189. Under the 2019 Act (before the 2021 Rules), the State Commission had pecuniary jurisdiction over complaints where the value of goods or services exceeded one crore rupees but did not exceed what amount?

190. As per the 2021 Rules, the State Commission's pecuniary jurisdiction was reduced to above fifty lakh rupees but up to what amount?

191. The State Commission's appellate jurisdiction allows it to entertain appeals against District Commission orders within how many days?

192. The State Commission may transfer a complaint pending before one District Commission to another District Commission within the state, either on application of the complainant or by what other means?

193. The State Commission has administrative control over which bodies within its jurisdiction?

194. Each District Commission shall consist of a President and not less than how many members, as may be prescribed in consultation with the central government?

195. Under the 2019 Act, the District Commission had jurisdiction to entertain complaints where the value of goods or services did not exceed what amount?

196. As per the 2021 Rules, the District Commission's pecuniary jurisdiction limit was reduced to up to what amount?

197. If there is a vacancy in the office of President or member of a District Commission, the state government may direct another specified District Commission to do what?

198. The District Commission shall ordinarily function at the district headquarters but may perform functions at other places notified by the state government in consultation with whom?

199. Under the 1986 Act, what was the pecuniary jurisdiction ceiling of the District Commission (then District Forum)?

200. Which Article of the Constitution provides for free legal aid to the poor and weaker sections of society?

201. Besides Article 39A, which two Articles make it obligatory for the State to ensure equality before law and a legal system promoting equal opportunity?

202. The Legal Services Authorities Act was enacted by Parliament in which year?

203. The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 came into force on which date?

204. NALSA has been constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, primarily to monitor and evaluate the implementation of what?

205. Which committee has been constituted to administer the legal services programme insofar as it relates to the Supreme Court of India?

206. Consider the following bodies: (I) State Legal Services Authority (II) High Court Legal Services Committee (III) District Legal Services Authority Which of the above is/are constituted to give effect to the policies and directions of NALSA?

207. Which body is constituted in every High Court to implement legal services programmes?

208. Free legal services under the NALSA framework include payment of court fee and process fees, and providing service of which professionals in legal proceedings?

209. As per the eligibility criteria for free legal services, persons whose annual income does not exceed what amount are generally eligible?

210. For eligibility before the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee specifically, what is the annual income limit for free legal services?

211. Consider the following categories of persons: (I) Members of SC/ST (II) Industrial workmen (III) Victims of trafficking in human beings or beggar Which of the above is/are eligible for free legal services under the Act?

212. The term "Lok Adalat" literally means what?

213. The Lok Adalat system, as explained by the Supreme Court, is based on which set of principles?

214. The Lok Adalat is one of the components of which broader dispute resolution system?

215. The first Lok Adalat camp in the post-independence era was organised in which state in 1982?

216. The institution of Lok Adalat was given statutory status under which Act?

217. A Lok Adalat generally consists of a judicial officer as chairman, along with which two other categories of members?

218. A Lok Adalat has no jurisdiction in respect of any case relating to what kind of offence?

219. Consider the following circumstances under which a case pending before a court can be referred to a Lok Adalat: (I) The parties agree to settle the dispute in the Lok Adalat. (II) One of the parties applies to the court for referring the case to the Lok Adalat. (III) The court is satisfied that the matter is appropriate for the Lok Adalat. Which of the above is/are valid grounds?

220. A Lok Adalat has the same powers as a Civil Court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, in respect of summoning witnesses and what other matter?

221. All proceedings before a Lok Adalat are deemed to be judicial proceedings within the meaning of which Code?

222. For the purpose of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, every Lok Adalat is deemed to be what?

223. An award of a Lok Adalat is deemed to be a decree of a Civil Court and is final and binding. What is the position regarding appeal against such an award?

224. From 2015, National Lok Adalats have been held with what special focus each month?

225. Which type of State Lok Adalat involves a bench sitting continuously for a set number of days, deferring unsettled matters to encourage reflection before settlement?

226. Which type of State Lok Adalat is organised using a set up in a multi-utility van taken to different areas to resolve petty cases?

227. If court fee has already been paid and the dispute is later settled at a Lok Adalat, what happens to that fee, as per the Supreme Court's explanation?

228. The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 was amended in which year to provide for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats?

229. Permanent Lok Adalats were established specifically to deal with cases pertaining to what category of services?

230. The Chairman of a Permanent Lok Adalat must be or have been a district judge, additional district judge, or have held judicial office higher in rank than what?

231. As per the original Act, the pecuniary jurisdiction of the Permanent Lok Adalat was up to what amount?

232. In 2015, the Central Government increased the pecuniary jurisdiction of the Permanent Lok Adalat to up to what amount?

233. Once an application is made to a Permanent Lok Adalat for settlement of a dispute, what happens to a party's ability to invoke jurisdiction of any court in the same dispute?

234. If parties before a Permanent Lok Adalat fail to reach a settlement agreement, what does the Permanent Lok Adalat do?

235. Every award made by the Permanent Lok Adalat is final and binding on all parties, and is passed by what kind of decision-making process?

236. The Family Courts Act was enacted in which year?

237. The Law Commission's 59th report, which stressed a different approach for handling family disputes, was submitted in which year?

238. Family Courts are established by the State Government in consultation with which authority?

239. It is obligatory for State Governments to set up a Family Court in every city or town with a population exceeding what figure?

240. Parties to a dispute before a Family Court are not entitled, as of right, to be represented by whom?

241. The Family Courts Act provides for how many rights of appeal, which shall lie to the High Court?

242. The Gram Nyayalayas Act was enacted in which year?

243. The Gram Nyayalaya is established as a court equivalent to which judicial officer's court?

244. The presiding officer of a Gram Nyayalaya, called the Nyayadhikari, is appointed by the State Government in consultation with whom?

245. A Gram Nyayalaya is established for every Panchayat at which level, or a group of contiguous Panchayats at that level?

246. The Gram Nyayalaya is described as what kind of court, going to villages to work and dispose of cases?

247. The Gram Nyayalaya shall try criminal cases, civil suits, claims or disputes specified in which parts of the Act?

248. The Gram Nyayalaya is not bound by the rules of evidence provided in which Act, but is guided instead by principles of natural justice?

249. An appeal in criminal cases decided by a Gram Nyayalaya lies to which court?

250. An appeal in civil cases decided by a Gram Nyayalaya lies to which court?

251. Appeals from Gram Nyayalaya decisions, whether criminal or civil, must be heard and disposed of within what period from the date of filing?

252. A person accused of an offence before a Gram Nyayalaya may file an application for what procedure?

253. Under the Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008, is the establishment of Gram Nyayalayas mandatory for State Governments?

254. The Law Commission of India's report that recommended the establishment of Gram Nyayalayas was its which numbered report?

255. The Commercial Courts Act was enacted in which year?

256. The Law Commission's report that recommended the establishment of Commercial Courts was its which numbered report?

257. In High Courts having ordinary original civil jurisdiction, who may constitute a Commercial Division to exercise jurisdiction over commercial disputes of specified value?

258. Who constitutes the Commercial Appellate Division to hear appeals against the orders of Commercial Courts at the District Judge level?

259. Under the original Commercial Courts Act, 2015, the specified value of commercial disputes was set at what minimum amount?

260. In 2018, the specified value of commercial disputes was reduced from 1 crore rupees to what amount?

261. The Commercial Courts Act provides for compulsory mediation before institution of a suit that does not contemplate what kind of relief?

262. The mechanism introduced for compulsory pre-suit mediation under the Commercial Courts Act is known as what?

20. High Courts, Tribunals, Lok Adalats and Other Courts