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17. Indian Judiciary
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1. In how many judges was the strength of the Supreme Court originally fixed at its inception?
2. As per Article 124(1) of the Constitution, the Supreme Court was to consist of the Chief Justice and not more than how many other judges, until Parliament prescribed a larger number?
3. In which year was the strength of Supreme Court judges (other than the Chief Justice) increased to thirty-three?
4. The strength of Supreme Court judges (other than the Chief Justice) was increased to twenty-five in which year?
5. On which date was the Supreme Court of India inaugurated?
6. The Supreme Court of India succeeded which body that was established under the Government of India Act of 1935?
7. The Supreme Court replaced which body as the highest court of appeal?
8. Articles 124 to 147, dealing with the organisation, independence, and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, are placed in which Part of the Constitution?
9. Consider the following statements regarding the appointment of Supreme Court judges:
(I) The Chief Justice is appointed by the President after consultation with such judges of the Supreme Court and high courts as deemed necessary.
(II) Other judges are appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice and such other judges as deemed necessary.
(III) Consultation with the Chief Justice is obligatory only for the appointment of the Chief Justice.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
10. In the First Judges case, the Supreme Court held that "consultation" with the Chief Justice in judicial appointments means what?
11. In which year was the First Judges case decided?
12. Which case reversed the earlier ruling and held that the advice of the Chief Justice of India on judicial appointments is binding on the President?
13. In the Second Judges case, the Chief Justice was required to tender advice after consulting how many of his/her seniormost colleagues?
14. In the Third Judges case, the Supreme Court held that the Chief Justice must consult a collegium of how many seniormost judges?
15. In which year was the Third Judges case decided?
16. The 99th Constitutional Amendment Act and the National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, both enacted to replace the collegium system, were passed in which year?
17. In the Fourth Judges case (2015), the Supreme Court declared which body unconstitutional and void?
18. Who was appointed as Chief Justice of India in 1973 by superseding three senior judges?
19. In 1977, who was appointed Chief Justice of India by superseding the then senior-most judge?
20. Consider the following statements regarding the appointment of the Chief Justice of India:
(I) From 1950 to 1973, the practice was to appoint the seniormost judge of the Supreme Court as Chief Justice.
(II) The government's discretion to depart from seniority was curtailed by the Second Judges case (1993).
(III) The Second Judges case ruled that only the seniormost judge of the Supreme Court should be appointed Chief Justice.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
21. What is the minimum number of years a person must have served as a judge of a High Court to be qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court?
22. What is the minimum number of years a person must have practised as an advocate of a High Court to be qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court?
23. Besides the High Court judge and advocate routes, a person can also be appointed a Supreme Court judge if he/she is regarded as what, in the opinion of the President?
24. Which of the following statements about the qualifications for a Supreme Court judge is correct?
25. Before whom does a person appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court make and subscribe an oath or affirmation?
26. Consider the following statements regarding the oath taken by a Supreme Court judge:
(I) To bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India.
(II) To uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India.
(III) To uphold the Constitution and the laws.
Which of the above is/are part of the judge's oath?
27. Who determines the salaries, allowances, privileges, leave and pension of Supreme Court judges from time to time?
28. During which situation can the service conditions of a Supreme Court judge be varied to his/her disadvantage after appointment?
29. In 2018, the salary of the Chief Justice of India was increased to how much per month?
30. What percentage of their last drawn salary are retired Chief Justice and judges of the Supreme Court entitled to as monthly pension?
31. Consider the following provisions the Constitution makes regarding the tenure of a Supreme Court judge:
(I) He/she holds office until attaining the age of 65 years.
(II) He/she can resign by writing to the President.
(III) He/she can be removed by the President on the recommendation of Parliament.
Which of the above is/are correct?
32. Who determines any question regarding the age of a Supreme Court judge, for purposes of determining tenure?
33. A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed from office by the President only after an address by Parliament is presented in the same session, supported by what kind of majority?
34. What are the two grounds on which a Supreme Court judge can be removed from office?
35. Which Act regulates the procedure relating to the removal of a Supreme Court judge by the process of impeachment?
36. For a removal motion against a Supreme Court judge to be admitted, it must be signed by how many members in the case of the Lok Sabha?
37. For a removal motion against a Supreme Court judge to be admitted, it must be signed by how many members in the case of the Rajya Sabha?
38. The three-member committee constituted to investigate charges against a Supreme Court judge under the impeachment process consists of the chief justice or a judge of the Supreme Court, a chief justice of a high court, and which third member?
39. Who was the judge involved in the first case of impeachment proceedings against a Supreme Court judge?
40. Why could Justice V. Ramaswami not be removed despite the enquiry committee finding him guilty of misbehaviour?
41. Consider the following circumstances under which the President can appoint a judge of the Supreme Court as acting Chief Justice of India:
(I) The office of Chief Justice of India is vacant.
(II) The Chief Justice of India is temporarily absent.
(III) The Chief Justice of India is unable to perform the duties of the office.
Which of the above is/are correct?
42. Who has the power to appoint an ad hoc judge of the Supreme Court when there is a lack of quorum of permanent judges?
43. Before appointing an ad hoc judge, the Chief Justice of India must consult the chief justice of the High Court concerned and obtain what?
44. Who can request a retired judge of the Supreme Court or a retired High Court judge to act as a judge of the Supreme Court for a temporary period?
45. Consider the following statements regarding a retired judge acting temporarily as a Supreme Court judge:
(I) It requires the previous consent of the President.
(II) It requires the consent of the person to be so appointed.
(III) Such a judge is deemed to be a permanent judge of the Supreme Court.
Which of the above is/are correct?
46. Which city does the Constitution declare as the seat of the Supreme Court?
47. Who is authorised to appoint another place or places as the seat of the Supreme Court, with the approval of the President?
48. Which Article of the Constitution provides for Constitutional cases or references made by the President to be decided by a Bench consisting of at least five judges?
49. Consider the following statements regarding provisions safeguarding the independence of the Supreme Court:
(I) Judges are appointed by the President in consultation with members of the judiciary.
(II) Judges hold office during the pleasure of the President.
(III) Salaries and allowances cannot be varied to a judge's disadvantage after appointment, except during a financial emergency.
Which of the above is/are correct?
50. Which fund are the salaries, allowances and pensions of Supreme Court judges and staff charged upon?
51. Because Supreme Court judges' salaries are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India, what is their status in Parliament?
52. Under what circumstance can the conduct of a Supreme Court judge be discussed in Parliament or a State Legislature?
53. What restriction is placed on retired judges of the Supreme Court regarding legal practice?
54. Which power allows the Supreme Court to ensure that its actions and decisions cannot be freely criticised and opposed by anybody?
55. Who has the freedom to appoint officers and servants of the Supreme Court without interference from the executive?
56. Which body is not authorised to curtail the jurisdiction and powers guaranteed to the Supreme Court by the Constitution, though it can extend them?
57. As a federal court, the Supreme Court's exclusive original jurisdiction covers disputes between which of the following parties?
58. In the Supreme Court's exclusive original jurisdiction over federal disputes, what does "exclusive" mean?
59. Consider the following statements regarding the Supreme Court's exclusive original jurisdiction over federal disputes:
(I) The dispute must involve a question on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends.
(II) Questions of a purely political nature are excluded from this jurisdiction.
(III) A suit brought by a private citizen against the Centre or a state can be entertained under this jurisdiction.
Which of the above is/are correct?
60. Which of the following matters is excluded from the exclusive original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court?
61. Which State brought the first suit under the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in 1961?
62. With reference to the writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, consider the following statements:
(I) The Supreme Court can issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
(II) The writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is exclusive, and High Courts cannot issue such writs.
(III) An aggrieved citizen can approach the Supreme Court directly, without going by way of appeal.
Which of the above is/are correct?
63. In terms of scope, how does the writ jurisdiction of the High Courts compare with that of the Supreme Court?
64. Who can confer upon the Supreme Court the power to issue writs for purposes other than the enforcement of Fundamental Rights?
65. Which body has replaced the British Privy Council as India's highest court of appeal?
66. Into how many heads can the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court be classified?
67. In constitutional matters, an appeal can be made to the Supreme Court against a High Court judgement only if the High Court certifies that the case involves what?
68. Which Constitutional Amendment Act removed the monetary limit that originally restricted civil appeals to the Supreme Court to cases involving a sum of not less than ₹20,000?
69. In which year was the 30th Constitutional Amendment Act, which removed the monetary limit for civil appeals, enacted?
70. In a criminal appeal, if a High Court has reversed an order of acquittal and sentenced the accused to death, an appeal to the Supreme Court lies as what?
71. If a High Court reverses an order of conviction and orders the acquittal of the accused, what is the position regarding appeal to the Supreme Court?
72. In 1970, Parliament enlarged the Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to cover cases where a High Court has reversed an acquittal and sentenced the accused to imprisonment for life or for how many years?
73. Consider the following statements regarding the Supreme Court's power to grant special leave to appeal:
(I) It is a discretionary power and cannot be claimed as a matter of right.
(II) It can be granted against any court or tribunal, including military tribunals and courts martial.
(III) It may relate to any matter, including constitutional, civil, criminal, income-tax, or labour matters.
Which of the above is/are correct?
74. According to the Supreme Court's own ruling on the exercise of the power to grant special leave to appeal, this power should be exercised how?
75. Which Article of the Constitution authorises the President to seek the opinion of the Supreme Court under its advisory jurisdiction?
76. Consider the following statements regarding the advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court:
(I) On a question of law or fact of public importance, the Supreme Court may tender or refuse to tender its opinion.
(II) On a dispute arising out of a pre-constitution treaty excluded from original jurisdiction, the Supreme Court must tender its opinion.
(III) The opinion given by the Supreme Court under this jurisdiction is binding on the President.
Which of the above is/are correct?
77. As of the 2026, how many references has the President made to the Supreme Court under its advisory jurisdiction?
78. Which of the following was the first matter referred by the President to the Supreme Court under its advisory jurisdiction?
79. As a Court of Record, the Supreme Court's judgements, proceedings and acts are recorded for perpetual memory and are recognised as what?
80. In 1991, the Supreme Court ruled that its power to punish for contempt extends to which of the following, beyond itself?
81. Who chaired the special committee appointed in 1961 to examine the law relating to contempt of courts?
82. In which year was the Contempt of Courts Act enacted by Parliament?
83. Under the Contempt of Courts Act, willful disobedience to a judgement, order, writ or process of a court, or willful breach of an undertaking given to a court, constitutes what kind of contempt?
84. Under the Contempt of Courts Act, what is the maximum term of simple imprisonment for contempt of court?
85. Under the Contempt of Courts Act, within what period must contempt proceedings be initiated from the date the contempt is alleged to have been committed?
86. The Contempt of Courts Act is not applicable to contempt of which courts?
87. Judicial review is the power of the Supreme Court to examine the constitutionality of legislative enactments and executive orders of which governments?
88. Within how many days from the date of a judgement or order must a review petition be filed with the Supreme Court?
89. A review petition before the Supreme Court must be submitted to whom?
90. Consider the following grounds on which a curative petition may be entertained by the Supreme Court even after dismissal of a review petition:
(I) Violation of the principles of natural justice.
(II) To cure a gross miscarriage of justice.
(III) Discovery of new and important evidence.
Which of the above is/are valid grounds for a curative petition?
91. Which doctrine did the Supreme Court apply when it upheld a law as valid by severing and declaring invalid only the unconstitutional part of it?
92. Which doctrine holds that a law inconsistent with a Fundamental Right is not dead but merely overshadowed, and becomes operative again if the inconsistency is removed?
93. Which doctrine examines the true nature and character of a legislation to determine which legislative list it falls under?
94. Which doctrine holds that what cannot be done directly cannot be done indirectly either, when a legislature disguises its lack of competence?
95. Which doctrine allows the Supreme Court to declare that a ruling will apply only to future cases and not retrospectively?
96. With respect to disputes regarding the election of the President and Vice-President, the Supreme Court has what kind of authority?
97. If the Supreme Court finds the chairman or members of the UPSC, SPSC, or JSPSC guilty of misbehaviour on a Presidential reference, what is the status of its recommendation for their removal?
98. The Supreme Court is authorised to withdraw cases pending before High Courts and dispose them by itself, and can also do what with a case pending before one High Court?
99. Comparing the two apex courts, the American Supreme Court defends citizens' rights according to the "due process of law," while the Indian Supreme Court defends rights according to which principle?
100. Which Amendment Act inserted Article 124A, providing for the National Judicial Appointments Commission?
101. Which Article of the Constitution deals with the enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court?
102. Which Article makes the law declared by the Supreme Court binding on all courts within India?
103. In which case was the doctrine of judicial review first propounded, in the USA?
104. Who propounded the doctrine of judicial review in the USA in 1803?
105. In which year was the case of Marbury versus Madison decided?
106. Consider the following statements regarding judicial review in India:
(I) The Constitution itself confers the power of judicial review on the judiciary.
(II) Only the Supreme Court, and not the High Courts, possesses the power of judicial review.
(III) The Supreme Court has declared judicial review to be a basic feature of the Constitution.
Which of the above is/are correct?
107. Because judicial review has been declared a basic feature of the Constitution, what is its status with respect to constitutional amendments?
108. Who classified judicial review into three categories, namely review of constitutional amendments, review of legislation, and review of administrative action?
109. Which case marked the first major exercise of judicial review by the Supreme Court in relation to Fundamental Rights and property, decided in 1967?
110. In which year was the landmark Kesavananda Bharati case decided?
111. Judicial review is the power of the judiciary to examine the constitutionality of legislative enactments and executive orders of which governments?
112. If a law is found to be violative of the Constitution, it is termed as what, in Latin?
113. Consider the following as reasons why judicial review is needed:
(I) To uphold the supremacy of the Constitution.
(II) To maintain federal equilibrium between the Centre and the states.
(III) To protect the Fundamental Rights of citizens.
Which of the above is/are correct?
114. Which Article of the Constitution declares that all laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the Fundamental Rights shall be null and void?
115. Which Article guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights?
116. Which Article empowers High Courts to issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose?
117. Which Article vests in the High Courts the power of superintendence over all courts and tribunals within their respective territorial jurisdiction?
118. Which Article deals with the subject matter of laws made by Parliament and State Legislatures, covering the Union, State and Concurrent Lists?
119. Which Articles provide that in case of a conflict between a central law and a state law, the central law prevails and the state law becomes void?
120. Which Article deals with the continuance in force of pre-constitution laws?
121. Which Article of the Constitution authorises the President to seek the opinion of the Supreme Court on any question of law or fact, and on pre-constitution legal matters?
122. Which Constitutional Amendment Act inserted Article 134-A, dealing with the certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court from the High Courts?
123. In which year was Article 134-A added by the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act?
124. Consider the following grounds on which the constitutional validity of a legislative enactment or executive order can be challenged:
(I) It infringes the Fundamental Rights under Part III.
(II) It is outside the competence of the authority which framed it.
(III) It is repugnant to the constitutional provisions.
Which of the above is/are correct?
125. Compared to the USA, how does the scope of judicial review in India stand?
126. While determining the constitutionality of a law under "procedure established by law," what does the Indian Supreme Court primarily examine?
127. Critics have described the American Supreme Court's exercise of wide judicial review power under the due process clause by which of the following terms?
128. India's constitutional system is best described as a synthesis of which two principles?
129. Which Article saves the acts and regulations included in the Ninth Schedule from being challenged on the ground of contravening Fundamental Rights?
130. Article 31B, along with the Ninth Schedule, was added by which Constitutional Amendment Act?
131. How many acts and regulations did the Ninth Schedule originally contain in 1951?
132. What is the present total number of acts and regulations included in the Ninth Schedule?
133. In the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), the Supreme Court ruled that acts and regulations included in the Ninth Schedule are open to challenge on what ground?
134. Which case clarified that acts and regulations included in the Ninth Schedule after 24 April 1973 are valid only if they do not damage the basic structure of the Constitution?
135. In which year was the Waman Rao case decided?
136. Why is 24 April 1973 significant with respect to the Ninth Schedule?
137. Which case reaffirmed that there could be no blanket immunity from judicial review for laws placed in the Ninth Schedule?
138. In which year was the I.R. Coelho case decided?
139. As per the I.R. Coelho case, laws placed under the Ninth Schedule after 24 April 1973 are open to challenge if they violate the basic structure or the Fundamental Rights guaranteed under which Articles?
140. Which Constitutional Amendment Act added the largest single block of acts and regulations, numbering 64, to the Ninth Schedule?
141. Which Constitutional Amendment Act added acts and regulations to the Ninth Schedule immediately before the Kesavananda Bharati judgement's cutoff date, being the last such Amendment before 24 April 1973?
142. Who first coined the term "judicial activism" in 1947?
143. In which country did the concept of judicial activism originate and develop?
144. In which decade was the doctrine of judicial activism introduced in India?
145. Which of the following judges laid the foundations of judicial activism in India?
(I) Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer (II) Justice P.N. Bhagwati (III) Justice O. Chinnappa Reddy
146. Judicial activism denotes the proactive role of the judiciary primarily in which two areas?
147. Judicial activism is also known by which alternative name?
148. Judicial activism is described as the antithesis of which concept?
149. "Judicial restraint" is defined as?
150. Which type of litigation falls under the first major aspect of judicial activism, involving directions issued by courts to government authorities for protecting citizens' rights?
151. Consider the following Fundamental Rights:
(I) Right to Equality (Article 14)
(II) Right to Freedom (Article 19)
(III) Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21)
The second major aspect of judicial activism in India, involving expanded interpretation by courts, particularly concerns which of the above?
152. Consider the following statements distinguishing judicial review from judicial activism:
(I) Judicial review is the interpretation of law in light of constitutional parameters.
(II) Judicial activism involves moulding the law to suit the changing social and economic scenario.
(III) Judicial activism and judicial review are entirely unrelated concepts with no overlap.
Which of the above is/are correct?